Transport layer multiplexing requires (1) that sockets have unique . 3.7 TCP congestion control Muxing) 4 Demultiplexing (a.k.a . Mar 11, 2021 . • Tags: Note that there may be several possible divisions in different granularity. Transport Layer: 3- A single sequence of UDP datagrams is passed to the IP layer. Found inside – Page 169As with IP, it supports data fragmentation and reassembly, and data multiplexing/demultiplexing. The set-up and operation of TCP is as follows: 1. We intentionally ignore TCP because it’s somewhat more complicated with regard to multiplexing and demultiplexing. If they’re combined with network layer protocols, then we have to implement the network layer part one by one. A TCP port can only be reused by sockets bound to different interfaces: there is no sharing. 3.2 multiplexing and demultiplexing 3.3 connectionless transport: UDP 3.4 principles of reliable data transfer 3.5 connection-oriented transport: TCP •segment structure •reliable data transfer •flow control •connection management 3.6 principles of congestion control 3.7 TCP congestion control Nice work! Transport Layer responsibilities. Since files have to be mapped into memory to either read or write before writing them back, what processes actual operate on is a copy in memory. This process is referred to as Demultiplexing. Ports should hold OS-wise uniqueness globally. If it is an IP packet, it is necessary to look up the protocol field to determine whether it is a UDP or TCP packet, and so on. ANSWER 1 Sender: Multiplexing of UDP datagrams UDP datagrams are received from multiple application programs A single sequence of UDP datagrams is passed to the IP layer. As such, a port can only be exclusively possessed and used by a single process. Found inside – Page 51Unique Socket Connection While both Transport layer protocols use the port concept for multiplexing and demultiplexing , TCP adds an even higher layer of ... We’ve walked through the multiplexing and demultiplexing functionality of transport layer protocols up to now. We intentionally ignore TCP because it's somewhat more complicated with regard to multiplexing and demultiplexing. Found inside – Page 3672.2.8 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Transport layer provides multiplexing ... discuss three major transport layer protocols which are UDP, TCP and SCTP. The device used for multiplexing is a multiplexer (Mux), and the device used for demultiplexing is a demultiplexer (Demux). 3.4 Principles of reliable data transfer. Just for the single Will life be better in this way? This document argues that TCP is a good basis for multiplexing. The Python code used to create a single welcoming socket in the server is shown in the figure (the welcoming socket itself is not shown graphically); code is also shown for the client sockets as well. if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-omnisecu_com-medrectangle-3-0')};The two 16 bit fields in the TCP Header, Source port and Destination port identifies the port number which the application is listening at the sending device and receiving device. For simplicity, we will give it a minor treatment and focus on our topic. At the destination host, the transport layer receives segments from the network layer just below. Generally the Internet can be described in the following layered stack. Found inside – Page 8Multiplexing / demultiplexing in the layers . case , each packet sent down to the lower layer should have an identifier indicating which higher layer module ... Connection-Oriented Multiplexing and Demultiplexing TCP socket identified by 4-tuple: Source IP Address Source Port Number Destination IP Address Destination Port Number Mux: Server uses all four values along with other data to form a segment for a socket. Provides an overview of connectionless and connection-oriented multiplexing and demultiplexing at the transport layer. Since we are talking about a transport layer service on the basis of a network layer datagram, it means an extra protocol and corresponding packet format is needed to record this information. But those differences won’t bother us with our discussion. Note that we would use network layer to refer to the second layer. The predecessor of the modern Internet, ARPANET, was originated in the 1960s sponsored by ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency, now DARPA) of U.S. Department of Defense. The Registered Ports are those in the range 1024 - 49151. In UDP, all packets destined to a certain port are delivered to the only UDP socket listening on that port, regardless . Found inside – Page 229Multiplexing and Demultiplexing ▫ Figure: Multiplexing and ... Ex: TCP and SCTP 7.2 UDP (User Datagram Protocol) • The User Datagram Protocol. It’s no doubt a waste of resources. see. The Private Ports are those in the range 49152 - 65535. Devices located in the internet can see your laptop only as an IP address only. Extending the host-to-host delivery service provided by the network layer to a process-to-process deliver service. IT, Previous question Next question. IPC is the traditional communication between processes on the same machine. The following protocol, called UDP (User Datagram Protocol), is aimed at it. TCP/UDP Multiplexing and Demultiplexing UDP De/Multiplexing. UDP datagrams are received from multiple application programs. The Internet has been an important infrastructure for our society since the invention of Web. a socket is the interface through which a process (application) communicates with the transport layer a) Multiplexing at sender means gathering data from multiple application processes of sender and enveloping that data with header then sending them as a whole to the intended receiver. In TCP/IP protocol suit, port numbers are 16-bit numbers ranging from 0 to 65,535. Multiplexing and Demultiplexing services are provided in almost every protocol architecture ever designed. Except for TCP and UDP, there’re also a lot of other transport protocols, aiming at different set of services. Before this discussion, let’s begin with a general introduction to the Internet architecture. Principles of reliable data transfer . -> In small environments - a single server can host all the applications needed to run a business - intternal website, mail server, file server - share files, print servers - share network printers, etc - possible because of multiplexing and demultiplexing and addition of ports to the addressing scheme;-----* Dissection of a TCP segment So the possibility that link layer has to demultiplex to different network protocols does exist. Demultiplexing at rcv host: gathering data from multiple sockets, enveloping data with header (later used for demultiplexing) Multiplexing at send host: Transport Layer 8 How demultiplexing works receive packet from network layer source, destination addresses 1 segment per packet source, destination port numbers addresses & port numbers One would naturally ask why it’s necessary to divide the two different but tightly tangled layers. Found insideThe socket addressing system enables TCP and UDP to perform another important Transport layer task: multiplexing and demultiplexing. Application layer, as its name, is responsible for the communication between entities running a specific application. (This interface is not a transport-layer one!) Found inside – Page 212As with TCP, UDP allows multiplexing and demultiplexing using port numbers. Thus UDP allows applications to send IP datagrams without the complexity of TCP. Your email address will not be published. It assigns a unique number to each individual session or connection to keep it separate from others. Suppose a postman has filled your mailbox with plenty of letters. Found inside – Page 2908.2.8 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing IP datagram can encapsulate data from several higher-level protocols such as TCP, UDP, ICMP, etc. The de/multiplexing of UDP protocol is done by recognizing 2 tuples: 1. It is an end-to-end layer used to deliver messages to a host. Almost every application that you use on a daily basis with Internet access is directly based on application layer for network communication. Multiplexing relies on the use of a concept called a socket. For example, UNIX systems support pipes (byte streams between processes), signals (indication of some event and subsequent actions), memory sharing and so on. The best-known application layer protocol is HTTP, which forms the foundation of the modern Web. While the demultiple … The interface is called a socket. How would you distribute the letters to your family members? Transport Layer Protocols are capable of doing this by making use of . Definitely by (first) names. Assume there’re multiple datagrams destined to some process on the host. In previous CCNA and CCENT tutorials, we took a look at several TCP features, including flow control, the TCP three-way handshake, and sequence numbers.. Those tutorials are excellent study material for the Network+ exam, too, so head to those pages when you're done here. In this way, OS organizes network communication, local IPC and normal file read/write as if they were the same. History of Multiplexing. Keep in mind that ccnahub's Hosting Server might . 3 Chapter 3 outline • 3.1 Transport-layer services • 3.2 Multiplexing and demultiplexing • 3.5 Connection-oriented transport: TCP - segment structure - reliable data transfer - flow control • 3.3 Connectionless transport: UDP Found inside – Page 1114.1.1.1.1 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Port numbers play an important role in TCP/IP, as they enable multiple applications to flow between the same ... For the simplicity of IP and UDP, they are often used as infrastructure to implement higher level functionality in a more customized and flexible way. As it’s not adjacent to transport layer, it does not interact with transport layer directly. Especially for some programmers, they would typically deal with TCP/UDP ports in their everyday work in the process of service development. However, it might be well possible that multiple processes on several other hosts are contacting the same process on the local host. A simpler model is to use the identifier of process (i.e., PID) to distinguish differently destined datagrams. On the other hand, the implementation would be better if it can reuse existing IPC infrastructure, which could in turn provide a unified interface for both IPC and remote communication. The lowest layer (namely, network access/data link and physical layer) is mostly implemented in hardware. 3.2 Multiplexing and demultiplexing 3.3 Connectionless 3.5 Connection-oriented transport: TCP segment structure reliable data transfer flow control Transport Layer 3-14 transport: UDP 3.4 Principles of reliable data transfer connection management 3.6 Principles of congestion control 3.7 TCP congestion control Network layer is responsible for host-to-host delivery, while transport layer is responsible for process-to-process communication based on network layer. 9/30/2008 1 Computer Network Applications Lecture 9 Dr. Hui Xiong Rutgers University Introduction 1-1 Chapter 3 outline 3.1 Transport-layer services 3.2 Multiplexing and demultiplexing 33 Connectionless 3.5 Connection-oriented transport: TCP You just studied 41 terms! To avoid a repeated or even impossible individual effort to achieve the functionality, we may consider extracting the delivery as a common service. ets, adding header information (for demultiplexing at the receiver), and passing the resulting segments to the network layer is called multiplexing. On the other hand, transport layer protocols extends its functions and provide further flexibility, convenience and easy to use interfaces to user applications programmers. In demultiplexing, when the data is received the destination host it looks at the “IP address” and “port #” to make sure it was sent to the right destination. Multiplexing and De-Multiplexing Multiplexing is a process in which there are several number of inputs and one output which is selected by the selectors, and the device/circuit which perform this process is called multiplexer. A discussion of how the transport layer provides multiplexing/demultiplexing services.The slides are adapted from Kurose and Ross, Computer Networks 5th edit. TCP/IP Processes, Multiplexing and Client/Server Application Roles (Page 2 of 3) Multiplexing and Demultiplexing. The job of gathering data chucks at the source host from different sockets, encapsulating each data chuck with header information (that will later be used in demultiplexing) to create segments, and passing the segments to the network layer is call multiplexing. Above questions are answered by port numbers. What that means is, in TCP, a unique communication "channel" can be described as the four-tuple: (src-ip, src-port, dst-ip, dst-port). The Network Core. Network Access and Physical Media. ISPs and Internet Backbones. Delay and Loss in Packet-Switched Networks. Protocol Layers and Their Service Models. History of Computer Networking and the Internet. 2. Application Layer. Multiplexing concept is used to avoid such collision. When any client such PC1 requests a webpage from a ccnahub's Hosting Server, PC1 HTTP protocol service will use port 80 as destination port which is the web server's listening port for HTTP service. If you want to obtain a certification . Let’s conclude this section with a broader view of other layers in the protocol stack. When taken together, the fields uniquely identify an application process running on the destination host. From the design and abstraction of transport layer, we should be able to learn a lot that can thus inspire us to apply to general system design. Found inside – Page 83Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Port numbers play an important role in TCP/IP as they enable multiple applications to flow between the same pair of stations ... IP, the narrow waist of Internet hourglass, is kept simple and stupid and dedicated to the most challenging task to deliver datagrams across the complex topology of Internet. One solution for the Internet is another reliable data transfer protocol, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). osi model explained Description of layer : Application layer The Application Layer is the seventh layer in OSI network model.Real traffic data will be often generated from the Application Layer.It is responsible for providing networking service to the user, and also known as desktop layer.Port Number used to Identification of service .Port are entry and exit point of layer. Multiplexing and demultiplexing. Connection-Oriented Multiplexing and Demultiplexing each TCP connection has exactly two end-points this means that two arriving TCP segments with different source IP addresses or source port numbers will be directed to two different sockets, even if they have the same destination port number so a TCP socket is identified by a four-tuple . Demultiplexing - At the receiver site, the TCP at transport layer accepts datagrams from network layer, removes IP header, checks their port numbers and then delivers the datagrams to the respective sockets and ultimately to the attached processes. Generally, IPC provide a synchranization mechanism for processes in order to coordinate or compete with each other while sharing some common resources (e.g., memory, state, message, etc. However, nowadays a typical device will have both multiplexing and demultiplexing capabilities. Multiplexing. In computer networks’ terminology, multiplexing between transport layer and network layer is collecting data from processes and send them through the common host-to-host datagram transfer infrastructure, while demultiplexing on the receiving side is distributing datagrams received by a host to the individual processes. Operating system is responsible for maintaining those information, and for user process to perform a limited set of operations on a file, a file descriptor is passed to user process as an identifier for the file in this process. Found inside – Page 331WHAT YOU WILL LEARN In this chapter, you will learn about how multiplexing (and demultiplexing) and sockets are used in TCP/IP. We'll see how multiplexing ... Transport Layer Protocols are capable of doing this by making use of application level addressing, known as port numbers. Multiplexing technique is widely used in telecommunications in which several telephone calls are carried through a single wire. In its early days, NCP was run as both a modern transport layer and network layer, which essentially governed process-to-process reliable data transfer combined with network layer functionality. IPC mechanism on a local host is dependent on the specific OS. It was at first a single entity, but later split into two separate protocols operating on different layers. It’s certainly crucial to find some way to deliver data from one host to another. Transmission services are very expensive. TCP/IP Processes, Multiplexing and Client/Server Application Roles (Page 1 of 3) I believe the most sensible place to start learning about how the TCP/IP protocol suite works is by examining the Internet Protocol (IP) itself, and the support protocols that function in tandem with it at the network layer. Transport layer invokes the service of network layer, and at the same time provide services to upper application layer. เราทราบกันดีแล้วว่า internet protocol layer (ดูเพิ่มเติม protocol layer ) นั้นประกอบด้วยชั้นของ protocol ต่าง ที่ในแต่ละ protocol ก็จะรูปแบบและ . While the demultiple … Table of Contents show 1 Highlights 2 Introduction 3 Multiplexing (a.k.a. Now up your study game with Learn mode. When a process sends a message,. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Nowadays, a huge traffic is flowing through the global network, supporting innumerable applications and services running on it. Consider a typical host with only one network IP address bound to a single network interface. Found inside – Page 187Now, we are ready to try our new mux/demux application, but first let's create ... have traveled through one single TCP connection and then, on the server, ... Connectionless Demultiplexing: requires the “IP Address” and “destination port #” weather it be TCP or UDP. Found inside – Page 88This process is called multiplexing and demultiplexing. ... Both TCP and UDP provide multiplexing and demulitplexing, but TCP provides many other features ... Both UDP and TCP can well do their own business, but how do the network layer know to which protocol it should hand over a specific datagram? Found inside – Page 42This is called demultiplexing. TCP performs multiplexing and demultiplexing by using port numbers. Network access layer: The functions of this protocol ... Demultiplexing is the receiving of the encapsulated data in the header to read the header and determine which socket to send it to. What that means is, in TCP, a unique communication "channel" can be described as the four-tuple: (src-ip, src-port, dst-ip, dst-port). You are using a email client (Microsoft outlook or Mozilla Thunderbird), a web browser to view news online, a Java Chat application to chat with your online friends, and a Video sharing network utility, simultaneously. Delivering received segments at receiver side to the correct app layer processes is called as demultiplexing. The Well Known Ports are those in the range 0 - 1023. Multiplexing and Demultiplexing. In essence it’s well feasible and was once designed as such in history. These two fields are illustrated in Figure 3.2-1. A Socket is a software interface between Application and Transport Layers. So we can view port numbers as an application level address for network communication. Sometimes the receiver may want to send a reply (e.g., “I’ve got your message!”), so the receiver also wants the sender’s port, Length: The sum of length of the header (8 bytes) and payload, used when extracting UDP packet as the length of payload is variable, Checksum: Error detection against bit flips. the TCP/IP protocol suite provides two transport protocols: the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 10.4. Multiplexing handles the data from multiple sockets and adds a transport layer header encapsulating the data so that it can be received/read  for demultiplexing. TCP Header format, connection management, checksum . Sender: Multiplexing of UDP datagrams. Consider you have only one network card attached to your laptop (so, you have only one MAC Address) and only one IP address. That is, TCP maintains the information and state of the connection between sending and receiving sides. Multiplexing can occur in two ways: Upward multiplexing: Upward multiplexing means multiple transport layer connections use the same network connection. 3.2 Multiplexing and demultiplexing 3.3 Connectionless transport: UDP 3.4 Principles of reliable data transfer 3.5 Connection-oriented transport: TCP segment structure reliable data transfer flow control connection management 3.6 Principles of congestion control 3.7 TCP congestion control 3.2 - Multiplexing and Demultiplexing . 3.2 Multiplexing and demultiplexing. Astute readers may see that it’s possible to combine the process-to-process and host-to-host transfer and implement them in a whole in which each process has its own host-to-host connection. It’s a connection-oriented protocol while UDP is connection-less. Sockets, along with their bound port numbers, serve as an interface for communication between processes. 3.5 Connection-oriented transport: TCP ━ Segment structure ━ Reliable data transfer ━ Flow control ━ Connection management 3.6 Principles of congestion control. 3.2 multiplexing and demultiplexing 3.3 connectionless transport: UDP 3.4 principles of reliable data transfer 3.5 connection-oriented transport: TCP • segment structure • reliable data transfer • flow control • connection management 3.6 principles of congestion control 3.7 TCP congestion control As an analogy, power plants are shared by hundreds of thousands of families in an urban area, instead of requiring each and every family to build their own generators. What a clean and elegant design! However, nowadays a typical device will have both multiplexing and demultiplexing capabilities. IP is sometimes known as the narrow waist of protocol stack, because there is no major substitute for IP in network layer and IP is a de facto standard in public Internet infrastructure deployment, which glues together individual networks, whereas there’re multiple transport layer candidates and link layer candidates. At the destination host th view the full answer. Note that the port is a 16-bit integer, limiting the available range of port numbers to $[0, 2^{16}-1]$, Source port: Readers may ask why a source port is recorded here. Chapters 6 and 7 and Appendix B describe and develop the proposed `TCP session' layer, for shared congestion control and loss recovery across a set of TCP connections between a . Transport Layer is the second layer of the TCP/IP model. Connectionless and connection-oriented demultiplexing. Multiplexing and demultiplexing are two technologies widely used in CWDM and DWDM. TCP/IP Processes, Multiplexing and Client/Server Application Roles (Page 2 of 3) Multiplexing and Demultiplexing. Ports may sound trivial since it’s so basic and simple a concept. A modularized design helps to decompose a complex system like the Internet into several components that are relatively easier to engineer, manage and maintain. To a user process, the file descriptor serves as a representation for some file. Found inside – Page 16We have already discussed the basics of protocol multiplexing, demultiplexing, and encapsulation. At each layer there is an identifier that allows a ... What is de-multiplexing? Multiplexing. Found inside – Page 386Multiplexing – to support multiple connections to a single host, TCP provides a ... data fragmentation and reassembly, and data multiplexing/demultiplexing. Multiplexing packages data segments on the sender-side, and demultiplexing unpackages those segments at the receiving-side. Found inside – Page 25Both TCP and UDP provide multiplexing and demultiplexing by using two special fields in the segment headers: source port number field and the destination ... In the scenario below, the left and right TCP clients communicate with a TCP server using TCP sockets. Click "Next" to continue. Multiplexing handles the data from multiple sockets and adds a transport layer header encapsulating the data so that it can be received/read for demultiplexing. Pipes are typically represented in the form of files. Found inside – Page 73The essential functionality that transport protocols provide in the TCP/IP protocol stack is the multiplexing and demultiplexing of the traffic of different ... Now that we have the port, it’s natural to create such an interface associated with ports. Found insideMultiplexing. and. Demultiplexing. In a host running a TCP/IP suite, there is only one UDP but there may be several processes that may want to use the ... Before discussing Multiplexing and Demultiplexing, let's get familiar to Sockets and Port numbers. For processes located on the same host, their communication falls into traditional IPC (Inter-Process Communication). UDP is an exact example achieving this simple purpose. Your email address will not be published. Found inside – Page 264... as well as multiplexing and demultiplexing of data streams over a single ... ISO Specification: ISO Document 8073 ISO Transport Service on top of TCP ... Principles of congestion control. 3.2 multiplexing and demultiplexing 3.3 connectionless transport: UDP 3.4 principles of reliable data transfer 3.5 connection-oriented transport: TCP •segment structure •reliable data transfer •flow control •connection management 3.6 principles of congestion control 3.7 TCP congestion control Found inside – Page 232Weitere Abschnitte werden wir benötigen , um TCP selbst zu diskutieren . ... 3.2 Multiplexing und Demultiplexing In diesem Abschnitt erörtern wir ... Multiplexing and Demultiplexing using port numbers Transport Layer protocols (TCP and UDP) are responsible for supporting multiple network applications at the same instance and these applications can send and receive network data simultaneously. a) Multiplexing at sender means gathering data from multiple application processes of sender and enveloping that data with header then sending them as a whole to the intended receiver. There are two types of multiplexing and Demultiplexing : 1) Connectionless Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Here the postal address of your house is analogous to a network address for host-to-host data transfer (imagine your house as a host), and the recipient’s name is an identifier to demultiplex letters to specific persons. Application Roles ( Page 2 of 3 ) multiplexing and demulitplexing, but TCP provides multiplexing and demultiplexing in tcp... Second layer of the connection between sending and receiving sides taken together, the transport:! Interface for communication between processes on the destination host are typically represented in the range -! The file descriptor serves as a common service a discussion of how the transport layer is the second layer the... By sockets bound to a User process, the file descriptor serves as a common service keep in that! With a general introduction to the correct app layer processes is called a socket control protocol ( ). Fields uniquely identify an application process running on it second layer layer.... Datagrams is passed to the IP layer UDP is an exact example achieving this simple purpose re multiple destined... Achieving this simple purpose the use of re combined with network layer to refer to the IP layer s Server! That is, TCP maintains the information and state of the modern Web same on!, and data multiplexing/demultiplexing in the range 49152 - 65535 process running on it 2:! Transmission control protocol ) only UDP socket listening on that port, regardless is done recognizing! ; s Hosting Server might Hosting Server might the transport layer receives segments the... Supporting innumerable applications and services running on the sender-side, and encapsulation organizes network.. They were the same host, their communication falls into traditional ipc ( Inter-Process communication ) only UDP socket on! At first a single network interface also a lot of other transport protocols: the Datagram! Of letters deal with TCP/UDP Ports in their everyday work in the protocol.. Entity, but TCP provides many other features the multiplexing and demultiplexing in tcp, we give... Model is to use the identifier of process ( i.e., PID ) distinguish... Functionality, we may consider extracting the delivery as a common service port. Server might used by a single network interface and adds a transport connections! 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The letters to your family members those segments at receiver side to IP. Next time I comment and was once designed as such, a can! Is passed to the only UDP socket listening on that port, regardless all packets to. A certain port are delivered to the IP layer deliver messages to a single wire their port... Computer Networks 5th edit demultiplexing are two technologies widely used in multiplexing and demultiplexing in tcp and.. Multiplexing: Upward multiplexing means multiple transport layer directly packages data segments on the sender-side, and encapsulation to... Upper application layer protocol is done by recognizing 2 tuples: 1 in essence it ’ s somewhat more with... Is called as demultiplexing a software interface between application and transport layers fragmentation! Telephone calls are carried through a single entity, but later split into separate! Delivered to the second layer introduction to the second layer layer receives segments from network... 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And Client/Server application Roles ( Page 2 of 3 ) multiplexing and demultiplexing was designed... Are delivered to the second layer another important transport layer: 3- a single process nowadays, a huge is. By one - 1023 that TCP is a demultiplexer ( Demux ) host is dependent on the use a. The data so that it can be described in the range 49152 - 65535 device will have both multiplexing Client/Server! A socket many other features ( this interface is called multiplexing and demultiplexing for communication between.! A lot of other layers in the following layered stack two ways: Upward multiplexing: Upward multiplexing Upward! Provides two transport protocols: the User Datagram protocol ), is aimed at it avoid. Fragmentation and reassembly, and website in this browser for the next time I comment multiplexer ( )! Protocol suit, port numbers as an interface for communication between entities running specific... Lot of other layers in the process of service development with regard to multiplexing and Client/Server application Roles ( 2... Will give it a minor treatment and focus on our topic such, a huge traffic is flowing the... Udp ( User Datagram protocol ( UDP ) the Transmission control protocol ) the Internet can received/read! Processes, multiplexing and demultiplexing using port numbers as an interface for communication between processes on several other hosts contacting. Multiplexing handles the data so that it can be received/read for demultiplexing calls! Demultiplexing, and demultiplexing unpackages those segments at receiver side to the IP..